Russia waged a drone campaign in Europe and likely launched drones from
shadow ships, report says
[July 02, 2026]
By EMMA BURROWS
Russia likely used shadow ships to launch drones over Europe that
repeatedly disrupted civilian aviation, as it monitored military sites
and tested the air defenses of NATO nations, according to a report
published Thursday by the International Institute of Strategic Studies
think tank.
The report, which was shared before publication with The Associated
Press, plotted 144 suspected drone sightings across Europe, including in
NATO members Germany, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, the U.K., and
Denmark, between 2024 and 2026.
Those sightings peaked in late 2025, forcing the temporary closure of
several European airports, including in Germany, Spain and Denmark.
Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen described the incidents in her
country as the “ most serious attack on Danish critical infrastructure
to date.”
The IISS said the Russian campaign was designed to fall below the
threshold of triggering discussions for a collective NATO response and
was a “strategic failure” for Europe that exposed how the continent’s
air defenses are not fit to deal with the current threat.
Air Chief Marshal John Stringer, NATO's deputy supreme allied commander
in Europe, told AP that it is up to each alliance member to decide how
to respond to such threats — and many countries are taking them
increasingly seriously.
Several senior European officials said it’s difficult to attribute the
drone incursions to Russia, and Stringer did not blame Moscow. But he
suggested the activity fits the pattern of behavior seen in a widespread
campaign of disruption across Europe that Western officials have blamed
on Russia since its invasion of Ukraine in 2022.
Of the handful of countries that have confirmed drone sightings, only
Sweden has blamed Moscow directly — when a military drone flew toward a
French aircraft carrier from a Russian spy ship.
President Vladimir Putin said in May that Russia is not waging a
sabotage campaign against Europe.
European nations struggled to respond to drones, the IISS said
Drones are challenging to detect because they fly low and slow, and on
radar can look like birds or planes. They can be launched inside, or
near, national borders, bypassing missile defenses, which are designed
to detect supersonic missiles fired from abroad. And even if a drone is
shot down, it’s extremely difficult to identify where it came from or
who sent it and why.
The incursions showed drone defenses in Europe need to rapidly be
improved, the IISS said.
Creating a comprehensive picture of threats is often difficult because
the responsibility for tackling drones is often split among various
authorities, Lt. Gen. Jonny Lindfors, Sweden’s military representative
to NATO, told AP. It’s also a “tough decision,” he said, to decide to
shoot a drone down because it could cause civilian casualties.
In a June report, Denmark’s Defense Command said the armed forces “could
have been in a stronger position” to respond to drone sightings and that
there were shortcomings in equipment used to detect them. Following the
incidents, Denmark and several other European countries said they would
boost their drone defenses.
Countries that may have had a “benign” view of the danger a few years
ago have now realized that counterdrone systems are a critical part of
air defense, said Stringer.
Russia is launching drones from shadow ships, the IISS said
The IISS plotted the movement of Russian shadow fleet vessels — ships of
uncertain ownership that help Moscow dodge sanctions — and concluded
that it’s highly likely that Russia is using them as platforms for
launching drones.
The report focused on sightings of drones across central and northwest
Europe and did not examine incursions along NATO’s eastern flank, where
multiple Russian and Ukrainian attack drones have entered European
airspace.
On Dec. 2, the Vezhen, a shadow ship linked to the severing of a Baltic
cable, sailed in circles off the coast of Ireland when Ukrainian
President Volodymyr Zelenskyy arrived for his first official visit, the
IISS said. Another ship was nearby, but its signal was off, it said.
At that time, four large military drones were spotted off the Dublin
coast, flying for two hours above an Irish navy ship, the report said.
The Irish Defense Forces did not reply to a request for comment.
The report cited other sightings that occurred when shadow fleet ships
were nearby, several in Denmark.
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The tanker Boracay that allegedly belongs to Russia's so-called
shadow fleet, is seen Oct. 2, 2025, off Saint-Nazaire, France's
Atlantic coast. (AP Photo/Mathieu Pattier, File)
— On Jan. 3, 2025, as the shadow fleet vessel Arctica sailed along the
Danish coast, the IISS said up to 20 drones flew over the port of Koege,
Denmark, before disappearing toward the sea.
— On Sept. 22, drone sightings led to the closure of Copenhagen Airport.
The IISS found several shadow ships were in the area at the time,
including the Arctica and the Boracay.
— Over the next several days, as the Boracay rounded Denmark and several
other ships were in the area, more drones were reported over the
country, including near military installations.
The IISS said suspicion for at least some of the sightings in September
fell on the Boracay. The French military boarded the ship at the end of
the month, and President Emmanuel Macron said he can't rule out that the
vessel was involved in the drone flights over Denmark.
Denmark’s Defense Command confirmed that drones were identified in the
country’s airspace in September and October 2025. It didn’t link them to
Russia but noted that Moscow is carrying out hybrid attacks against the
West, including those that are of a “character and scope far beyond what
Russia carried out before the war in Ukraine.”
“It’s a reasonable assumption” that Russia is launching drones from
shadow fleet ships, said Lindfors, though he noted it's often “almost
impossible” to attribute them to one nation or actor.
Russia flew drones above military sites, the report said
The report also concluded that Russia likely tried to monitor military
sites in the U.K., the Netherlands, Belgium, France and Germany and
force NATO nations to scramble to defend against drones, and so reveal
radar positions and gaps in defenses. Among the reports of drones over
military installations cited by the IISS were:
— The U.S. Air Force in Europe said there were multiple sightings of
drones in November 2024 over four American air bases in the U.K.
— German authorities recorded more than 1,000 suspicious drone sightings
in 2025, including over defense companies and military bases where
Ukrainian soldiers were training.
— Dutch and Belgian defense officials said drones were spotted in
November and December 2025 over military bases in the Netherlands and
Belgium. The IISS said the bases are believed to host American B61
nuclear bombs.
— Drone sightings were reported at the Ile Longue submarine base, which
hosts France’s nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines.
The U.S. Air Force in Europe said it couldn't provide more detail on the
incidents in the U.K., the Netherlands and Belgium, nor confirm the
presence of American nuclear weapons.
A British defense official, speaking on condition of anonymity to
discuss sensitive military information, said a defense police
investigation found no evidence to conclusively link the drone sightings
in the U.K. to Russia. The Dutch Defense Ministry confirmed drones were
seen over Volkel Air Base and said it took steps to defend military
sites against drones.
The French army chief of staff headquarters said an investigation of the
drones over Ile Longue is ongoing. It didn’t respond to questions about
whether the military suspects the drones were launched from shadow fleet
ships.
Requests for comment were also sent to defense ministries in Belgium,
Denmark and Germany.
With so many incursions, “it would be naive to believe it’s just a
coincidence,” said Lindfors, suggesting that such threats are the new
normal.
___
Associated Press writers John Leicester, Lorne Cook and Mike Corder
contributed.
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