The wealthy ramp up spending while other Americans tread water, new
study finds
[February 04, 2026] By
CHRISTOPHER RUGABER
WASHINGTON (AP) — Higher-income Americans and those with college degrees
have ramped up their spending more quickly in the past three years than
other consumers, according to new data released Tuesday, evidence of
worsening inequality that may explain some of the growing pessimism
about the economy.
The data, released by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, also show
that in the final three months of last year, lower-income and rural
households faced higher inflation than higher-income households. The
spending data focuses only on goods excluding autos, and does not
capture likely spending by higher-income households on travel,
restaurants and entertainment.
The figures add support to the notion of a “K-shaped” economy, in which
upper-income Americans are fueling a disproportionate share of the
consumption that is the primary driver of the economy, while
lower-income households see fewer gains. Poorer households in general
often experience higher inflation, with a greater share of their
spending being set aside for goods that have seen prices soar since the
pandemic, things like housing, groceries, and utilities.
The New York Fed's data show that households with incomes of $125,000
and higher have boosted their spending 2.3%, adjusted for inflation,
since 2023, while middle-income households — those between $40,000 and
$125,000 — have increased their spending by 1.6%. Those earning below
$40,000 have lifted their spending by just 0.9%, the report showed.
The figures are an addition to the New York Fed's economic heterogeneity
indicators, a series of data sets intended to track variations in the
economy by geographic region and demographic and income groups. The goal
is to get a better sense of how different groups are faring, trends that
can be shrouded by nationwide averages.
The figures are derived from a group of 200,000 consumers tracked by the
analytics firm Numerator. Their data closely tracks monthly retail sales
released by the government, the New York Fed said.
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Diners eat at a restaurant in the Meatpacking District of Manhattan,
Nov. 22, 2024, in New York. (AP Photo/Julia Demaree Nikhinson, File)
 The report underscores a pattern
that has emerged since the pandemic: Lower-income households fared
better in 2021 and 2022 when companies were desperate to hire and
willing to pay, while the government also provided several economic
stimulus checks. Yet beginning roughly in early 2023, hiring slowed
and sharp gains in stock market fueled spending gains in wealthier
households.
The division is also clear when examined through
the lens of education. In 2023 and most of 2024, inflation-adjusted
spending by non-college households fell below its January 2023
level. It only regained that level in November 2024, while
households with a college graduate had by then boosted their
spending by 4%.
The New York Fed notes that college-educated households continued to
spend at a rapid pace in 2025 even as hiring slowed and there were a
spate of job cuts in white-collar industries such as high tech,
government and marketing.
“The difference in the trend in retail spending between college
graduates and nongraduates is consistent with the story of a
‘K-shaped economy,’” Rajashri Chakrabarti, an economic research
advisor at the New York Fed, and three colleagues wrote.
The findings echo other recent research, including a short paper by
the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas last November. The Dallas Fed
found modest increases in consumption and income inequality over the
past three decades. The wealthiest one-fifth of Americans accounted
for about 54% of earnings from 1990-99, the researchers found, a
figure that had risen to 60% in the 2020-2025 period. The proportion
of spending by the richest one-fifth increased to 57% from 53%
between those two periods, the Dallas Fed concluded.
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